Why Do We Feel So Thrilled By Speed?

This fascination with “fast” all began when prehistoric humans invented the wheel. Even before that, humans were thrilled by speed, but since there was no external invention or agency that could make humans “go fast”, all they could do was marvel at fast-flying birds and animals, or the speed at which they could throw something through the air. Furthermore, running would mean expending a lot of energy, which was much more difficult to replace back then. Humans were not quite as obsessed with speed as we are today, but there was still that curiosity. So, what is it about speed that makes it so compelling and thrilling?

The Obsession with Speed

We live in a time where everything is expected to be done quickly; we praise the fastest race cars, the fastest airplanes, the fastest swimmer, fastest sprinter… the list can go on and on. There are countless movies, TV shows and advertisements that try to tap into the human obsession with speed. If you observe an advertisement of a new vehicle, you’ll find that every advertisement contains some mention of the vehicle’s top speed and the amazing power of the vehicle being promoted. Why is this such an important aspect? Shouldn’t safety be the top priority?

Quite simply, car manufacturers want to market their product to as many people as possible, and they know that the mere mention of speed fills an individual, especially men (according to researchers) with a sense of excitement that almost resembled joy!

A study in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, published back in 2009, looked at the testosterone levels of a group of men who were driving a sports car and another group of men driving a sedan. These two groups were made to drive on two types of streets; streets that were filled with women and number of deserted streets. The results showed that the men driving the sports car had higher levels of testosterone, but the interesting thing was that the types of street being drive on, either filled with women or entirely empty, had no effect on the testosterone levels.

Credits: fujji/Shutterstock

What Happens When You Go Fast?

As you ‘floor’ the pedal, there is a sudden spurt of the adrenaline hormone in your body, which in turn has many effects: your blood pressure rises instantly, your heart beat races, your body temperature rises, and you can feel a tingling in your limbs. These effects are seen in both males and females, but are decidedly more pronounced in males. This is why the obsession of speed is commonly associated with testosterone. This is also the reason why men are generally considered to be more reckless behind the wheel.

Dopamine and Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

credits: Zerbor/Shutterstock

This is another biological factor that determines your speeding obsession. MAO is a regulator in that brain that is associated with a dopamine (a reward chemical that is strongly related to pleasure-seeking behavior) receptor called dopamine-4. Therefore, if you have low levels of MAO, there is a good chance that you’re the kind of person who craves thrills and adventures. Engaging in these activities on a regular basis can lead to the formation of habits, which tends to make people risk their (and potentially others’) lives in order to experience ever-increasing thrills.

A Pinch of Psychology!

You testosterone isn’t the only factor behind this strange male-oriented phenomenon. You ego also makes you feel thrilled by speed. As you climb onto a bike or step into a car, there is an immediate change in your psyche. The vehicle you are driving becomes an extension of your personality, which is why men are more likely to purchase sports cars than women, as they are considered to be a status symbol that traditionally boosts mens’ ego and increases their masculine appearance. Making the vehicle under your control go even faster boosts the ego an immense amount, which can be another habit-forming sensation!

Speed is certainly not a bad thing, but like anything else, an excess of it can have some very serious repercussions that you absolutely don’t want to experience. Remember, going fast is fun and exciting, but you are also operating a 2-ton piece of metal that can do some serious damage to yourself if handled improperly – not to mention the innocent people all around you! Check your speed and stay safe!

Staring At Someone’s Face For Too Long Can Mess With Your Brain

In between their more significant discoveries, scientists occasionally decide to test out some pretty wacky hypotheses. One such scientist, vision researcher Giovanni Caputo from the University of Urbino in Italy, decided to test out what would happen if people stared into each others’ eyes for 10 minutes straight.

Although the idea sounded a bit odd at first, I have to thank him and his team today for carrying out this experiment, as the results obtained have given us some fascinating in”sights” into how the human mind operates.

The Study

For this study, Caputo called upon 40 volunteers to participate. These people had very little idea of what the purpose of the experiment was; all they had been told was that the experience would be “meditative” for them.

Credit: De Visu/ Shutterstock

The volunteers were then sorted into pairs, and ushered into a dimly lit room. Half the volunteers sat facing each other, and were told to stare into each others’ faces for 10 minutes. The remaining volunteers, the control group, sat facing away from each other and stared at a wall for 10 minutes.

All the volunteers then filled out questionnaires describing their experiences in the room.

Not your normal idea of an experiment, right? Just wait until you hear the results…

The Findings

The volunteers reported having a “compelling” experience, the likes of which they had never experienced before. They felt “spaced out” and some described it as a sort of “out of body” sensation. The experience was far more intense for the face-staring group as compared to the control group that stared at a wall.

Credit: Vlue/ Shutterstock

What they saw in their partners’ faces is even more surprising: 90% said that their partner’s face started becoming distorted, 75% freaked out due to themonstrous features appearing on their partner’s face, 50% saw their own facesappear before their eyes at some point, and 15% even saw their partner’s face transform into the face of a relative!

Credit: PathDoc/ Shutterstock

The Explanation

The term used to describe the experience of those volunteers is dissociation. The term refers to the feeling of detachment from reality that is primarily brought upon by a lack of sensory stimuli. This phenomenon is an apt explanation for the study’s results, since staring at a person’s emotionless face for 10 minutes isn’t going to provide much stimulus for your brain to snack on, leaving it bored and…you guessed it – dissociated.

This state of dissociation, in turn, can make a person view the world in distorted colors, cause them to think that the world isn’t real, and may even result in memory loss. Until now, these extreme conditions were only known to be brought on by drugs or trauma, but now we know that, strange as it sounds, even staring at a face can do the trick.

Credit: jazz3311/ Shutterstock

As you can see, our brains can do some pretty strange things to fill in the gaps of information that form when sensory stimulation is cut off. The face-staring experiment is another fascinating example of the complexity of the human mind, and the bizarre lengths it can potentially go to make sense of the world in which we live. 

Why Do We Open Our Mouths When We’re Shocked?

A magician pulls off an unbelievable trick right before your eyes. Our favorite character in a television show is unexpectedly killed off in dramatic fashion. A professional athlete makes a miraculous catch at the last instant against impossible odds….

What do all these events have in common? Well, for most people in the world, it would result in our jaw dropping in shock or surprise. We look a bit silly when we’re caught open-mouthed, but it seems to happen to people all over the world, even Blake Griffin, so don’t feel too embarrassed.

The fact that it happens in undeniable, but what’s more interesting, of course, is WHY our jaws seem to drop when something completely surprises us.

Communicating the Unexpected

Despite the diversity of human beings on this planet, there are a few universal emotional responses that are found in cultures from here to Timbuktu. Anger, sadness, fear, and surprise are all signified by similar facial expressions by human beings. This is a remnant from the days before language, when people had to accurately communicate without the help of organized words and phrases. If we wanted to express an emotion that we were feeling, and have others understand us, then a uniform means of expression was needed.

Shock is closely linked to fear, so when something terrifies us, we often open our eyes wide and our mouth drops open, just as it does when something takes us completely by surprise. This tells other people around us that something frightening or shocking is occurring. While large-scale anthropological studies of this kind can be difficult and often deemed “inconclusive” based on the limited size of the subject group, this belief in the development of common expressions dates back to Darwin, who argued that, “Every true or inherited movement of expression seems to have had some natural and independent origin. But when once acquired, such movements may be voluntarily and consciously employed as a means of communication.”

Can you guess the emotions? Of course you can! (Photo Credit: ashva73 / Fotolia)

This early form of emotional communication would have helped us protect others in our “tribe” or “family” by communicating the presence of danger – an important component of kin altruism and natural selection.

Related to this idea posited by the Father of Evolution is the facial feedback hypothesis, which basically suggests that facial movement and expression is closely linked to emotion, and can actually influence the emotional experience of an individual. Basically, we wouldn’t be able to completely “feel” the emotion of shock if we didn’t accompany it with the relevant emotional expression.

Fight or Flight: Shock and Awe Edition

As mentioned above, surprise and fear are thought to be closely linked, and when we talk about fear, it’s almost impossible not to mention the body’s natural fight or flight response. For those of you who don’t know the details, the fight or flight theory was first proposed nearly a century ago, and suggested that in response to a fearful or dangerous situation, animals experience involuntary actions by the sympathetic nervous system – typically in the form of a release of stress hormones (adrenaline and norepinephrine).

Basic Stress Hormone Release Diagram (Photo Credit: designua / Fotolia)

This causes a number of physiological effects in the body, such as increased blood flow and breathing rate, and contracted muscles. Essentially, the body is ready to “fight” the perceived threat or take “flight” to avoid it. Both of those activities require a boost of adrenaline and energy, but some of the other physiological effects are less dramatic. Our jaws may drop open when we are shocked because the quickest way to draw a massive breath of life-giving oxygen is to open our mouth and suck in some air!

Our muscles need a huge influx of oxygen to contract and work efficiently when in a stressful situation, and the body naturally prepares itself to take in that air by leaving us open-mouthed. Although this was his opinion from 1872, Darwin also had some specific comments on this phenomenon: “We always unconsciously prepare ourselves for any great exertion, as formerly explained, by first taking a deep and full inspiration, and we consequently open our mouths.”

The Final Word

While Darwin’s wisdom is respected across the world, there are many behavioral scientists who have challenged his work in recent years, and have posited their own explanations of our emotional expressivity. Our jaw-dropping habits could be the result of an inherent stress response, a vestigial means of communication, or a culturally learned habit to mimic commonly accepted expressions, but a definitive answer is still elusive.

Research is still ongoing on the subject, so we must admit… science doesn’t have all the answers yet!

We know, it’s shocking, so pick up your jaw and move on with your life. Perhaps we’ll have the answer soon!

Why Don't Have To Wear Seatbelts In A " BUS " ?

As time passes, we invent and innovate new ways to make our everyday activities easier and more convenient. When our ancient ancestors first stumbled on the discovery of the wheel, I’m sure they wouldn’t have even thought about the tremendously powerful cars that we drive in today, but we can hardly imagine life without them!

However, it’s not just speed that has enjoyed its time in the spotlight; passenger safety has also occupied innovators’ minds for decades. When sitting in a metal container that runs at speeds of 80 miles per hour, you have to put some mechanisms in place that would protect occupants in the case of an untoward occurrence. That’s essentially how seat belts came into the picture. Going back to our ancestors again, what would they think about sitting in a metal container, strapped in to a strange rubbery seat?

The importance of seat belts is clear, but have you noticed an interesting phenomenon? They have seat belts in cars and similar vehicles, but they don’t have seat belts in buses. Why is that?

Seat Belts

Credit: starman963/Fotolia

A seat belt, also referred to as safety belt, is a kind of safety device installed in automobiles to ensure that the occupant of the seat remains secured against any harmful movements that may result from powerful jolts due to a collision, sudden stop, or accident. A seat belt keeps you positioned in a way to maximize the effectiveness of the airbag once it is deployed following an accident. Not only that, but seat belts also help you experience a more comfortable ride by making sure that you don’t sway or jerk while maneuvering through turns.

However, if seat belts are such an important staple of safety while sitting inside an automobile, then why don’t they put seat belts in buses? Since buses typically carry more passengers by design, doesn’t it become inherently more important to ensure their safety?

Safety in Buses

Image Source: Wikipedia

Since we’re talking about installing seat belts in buses, let’s first look at the measures of safety that buses already offer over other automobiles.

Buses carry a lot of passengers on board while frequently making their rounds through towns and cities; in fact, a lot of kids travel in school buses on a daily basis. Given the fact that a lot of innocent young kids travel in these vehicles, there must be something reassuring about the safety that buses provide.

Buses are designed to be extremely safe; they are much heavier and larger than most automobiles on the roads alongside them. Also, these buses don’t usually go as fast as other vehicles, which are of the same size, but have less weight riding on their wheels. Since the mass of a body is directly proportional to its momentum, even if a bus collides with another vehicle on the road, it doesn’t typically sustain much damage.

Another factor that contributes to passengers’ safety in a bus is the fact that passengers sit quite high off the ground, i.e., they have a decent clearing from the ground, a highly important natural safety feature that most of smaller automobiles like cars, bikes and SUVs don’t offer. So, in case of a mishap, it is highly likely that the impact will be absorbed by the deck of the bus, and not the occupants.

Why don’t you need seat belts in buses?

The most important feature of the bus that nullifies the need to have seat belts installed is ‘compartmentalization’. Seats are installed equidistant with respect to each other, segregating passengers in small ‘compartments’ of sorts. To put it in perspective, think of how eggs are protected from damage by keeping them segregated and divided in small compartments.

Examples of Compartmentalization

The design is quite similar in buses; the seat in front of you is high enough and usually decently padded to arrest your motion in the forward direction in the case of a sudden stop or a collision.

All in all, buses in general, and school buses in particular, are designed in a way to ensure the safety of your loved ones.

So, next time you’re putting your child on board a school bus and suddenly realize that they don’t have seat belts, just relax! Buses have got you covered.

WHAY ARE AIRPLANES USUALLY WHITE ?????

While gazing at an airplane passing thousands of feet overhead, or when you are just about to board a flight at the airport, have you ever noticed that the vast majority of airplanes are white? Sure, some have stripes, decorations, and names in different colors, but the base color behind those add-ons is almost always white. It seems a bit strange, but is there a real reason for it?

Thermal Advantage

The color white is a terrific reflector of sunlight, and reflects almost all the light that falls on it, unlike other colors, which absorb some of the light.

Why do you think white clothes are recommended for summers? (Credit: Andrey Arkusha/Shutterstock)

If you paint your airplane in a color other than white, it will absorb sunlight and heat up the body of the airplane, which is something you want to avoid. White, on the other hand, reflects that sunlight and avoids the gradual build-up of heat on the plane. This is a good thing, not only when the airplane is in flight, but also when it’s parked on the runway, because it takes less time to cool down down after sitting on the ground in a hot, sunny environment. In fact, some planes actually ‘need’ to have a coating of white paint in order to guarantee a structurally sound flying machine.

Easier inspection of cracks and dents on the fuselage

Airplanes are regularly inspected for cracks, dents, and any other form of surface damage (for obvious safety reasons). Nothing works better than white when it comes to spotting a crack on the surface, as the crack is almost always darker than white.

Additionally, white also accentuates corrosion marks and oil leak spots (as they leave dark-colored trail). Plus, a white plane is easier to spot (visually) in the event of a crash or any other mishap, especially at night, or in a massive body of water.

Less ‘Scientific’ Factors

Not every reason behind the this obsession with white planes is ‘scientific’, so to speak. There are a few other reasons too, which can’t be ignored.

Painting is Expensive!

In pecuniary terms, painting an airplane is not like painting a fence. It requires a considerable investment, both in terms of money, manpower, and time. Painting a regular Boeing Airbus takes anywhere between two and seven days, depending on your budget. Plus, more paint on the fuselage means more overall weight (you didn’t think that massive amount of paint was weightless, did you?), which effectively translates to higher operating costs. As an airline company, you would want to avoid that as much as possible.

Colored airplanes have lower resale value

Now, if you have a colored airplane (parked in your own private hangar) and you want to sell it, you should expect to make a little less than if it was a white airplane.

You see, the end goal of an airline company is to minimize the cost as much as possible. Buying a colored airplane would mean that they would likely have to paint it white, for the various reasons mentioned above. Hence, it makes perfect sense that the company would pay you a lower price for your fancy, colored airplane.

White doesn’t fade

When flying at high altitudes, completely exposed to various atmospheric conditions, colored airplanes tend to fade, and thus require a lot of paint jobs to maintain their aesthetic appeal. A white-colored airplane, on the other hand, doesn’t appear significantly different, even after spending a considerable amount of time in the air.

If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!

Finally, if there’s no problem with the existing white color, then why bother fixing it at all? As we’ve clearly shown, the white color does have its benefits – both scientific and economical. 

However, some airline companies do have multi-colored airplanes, like this one here:

So, next time someone asks you why all airplanes are white, tell them that it doesn’t just have scientific advantages, but it also costs quite a bit less. As they say, white goes with everything, right?

Why Do Computers Slow Down Over Time?

One of the most annoying experiences of the 21st century is clicking an icon on the desktop of a computer and then watching a small circle or a disc rotate, as though begging you to be patient. This symbol denotes the imminent launch of the program that you clicked on a moment ago (of three minutes ago). Yes, I’m talking about the terror that we all face – the slowing down of a computer.

No matter what type of computer you own: a desktop PC, laptop or a Mac, you’re bound to observe the gradual decline of your computer’s performance over time. However, rather just accept this as a fact of life, have you ever given a thought to why computers, in general, tend to get slower as they age?

 

A fully-functioning computer can complete hundreds of thousands of operations and calculations in just a few seconds, which allows you to check the notifications on all your social media pages, play a game, edit pictures, and multiply 87,914 by 54,648,623 – all at the same time! The best news? A computer does all of this so fast that you don’t even realize that there is a complex algorithm your computer is following to arrive at these answers and processes before thrusting them on the screen for you to see and enjoy.

Computers obviously do not possess some sort of magic allowing them to do these things so fast; there is a complex network of wires, chips and other minuscule devices ensuring that your computer is operating at its optimal speed. However, as you continue using your computer relentlessly, it becomes bloated by thousands of files that continuously guzzle system resources.

Running Out of Hard Drive Space

Large amounts of data being stored in your system is a good thing for you personally, but bad news for the back end of your computer. When a computer is new, there is a negligible amount of data stored on it (provided you did not buy an already bloated computer). Therefore, the RAM and other processing units have little difficulty in executing any operation that you ask them to. That being said, as you keep storing more files on your hard drive, the same processing power is pitted against humongous amounts of data through which it has to rummage to retrieve useful or desired information.

Unnecessary Software and Obsolete Data

The moment you come across a nice piece of software, you usually grab it and install it on your computer, but after a while, you become disinterested in it and stop using it. However, you almost always forget to get rid of the software that, although you don’t use it anymore, is still occupying a considerable portion of your hard drive space.

Give Me Some RAM!

Not having enough RAM slows your computer down considerably. For example, if you buy a computer with a large hard drive space and all the latest software installed, but lacking in sufficient RAM, your computer will start slowing down rather quickly. This is because RAM is responsible for running programs on your computer, so there needs to be an adequate amount in order to guarantee that your computer can work fast. Even if you buy more RAM capacity, your computer is still going to slow down over time. This inevitable speed slump is because as your usage mounts, the number of files and installed programs on your computer also rise. This means that your hard drive has to compensate for the lack of RAM memory, thereby causing your computer to slow down.

System Updates and Viruses

Constantly updating your software is good for your system, but software updates occupy a larger share of hard drive space as compared to their previous versions. Also, don’t forget that viruses play a significant role in slowing your computer down. The bad thing about viruses is that they don’t have a certain time that they attack; virus attacks are totally random and unpredictable. The best way to guard against viruses is to get a decent anti-malware software, which also takes up space on your hard drive, but it’s a necessary evil!

Spinning Hard Drives

Spinning hard drives tend to get slower over time (Image Source: Mike Mols/Shutterstock)

If your computer has one of those spinning hard drives (where a needle writes data on the hard drive), then they simply get old over time and slow down. There is absolutely nothing you can do about it. What you can do, however, is replace it with a solid state hard drive (SSD) or buy a computer that already has one installed. These hard drives depend on more durable and efficient processors, rather than those needles to record data, and are therefore much more reliable.

Some Problems with Windows

There are some problems related to speed that are specifically associated with a Windows computer. Windows has not been built in such a way that it can perform certain cleansing functions, like defragmenting the partitions on the hard drive, cleaning up the registry, and eliminating temporary files automatically. The unused files continue to accumulate over time and jam the processing power of the computer, thus making it slower.

There are some other not-so-obvious factors too, like bugs in the operating system, corrupted RAM data and the gradual degradation of hardware over time. Even the static electricity from the carpet (or other fabrics) and power surges contribute to slowing down a computer.

These are just the main reasons why a computer slows down over time. There are many other reasons too, which depend on your usage habits and the maintenance that your computer receives. Just ensure that you keep your system free of all unnecessary data that is impeding the processing speed of your computer and clean its parts regularly to make it last longer.

Besides that, you’ll eventually have to “get with the times” and spring for a new computer… it’s only a matter of time!

source:www.scienceabc.com

How Do Airplane Black Boxes Work?

We’ve all seen a movie or two where a plane has mysteriously disappeared or crashed somewhere in the ocean, sending officials and rescue crews into a frenzy to find something called the black box.

It has an almost mythical quality to it, and while in the real world it is unfortunately associated with tragedy, it is a fascinating device that has allowed us to be safer and more informed as air travel continues to grow each year.

People talk about black boxes as though they hold all the secrets of an airplane (and in some ways, they do!), but what functions do they actually perform? Do we really need them? And perhaps most importantly… are they even black?

The Reason We Need a Black Box

Before we get too far into the subject, it should be known that every commercial and corporate aircraft does not have one “black box”, but TWO! There are two distinct and separate components that all “black boxes” contain – a Flight Data Recorder and a Cockpit Voice Recorder.  If a plane should go down for whatever reason, an explanation is essential, both in order to know the truth and prevent similar catastrophes from happening in the future.

If a flight loses its communication capabilities, for example, and is unable to radio in a Mayday signal or any sign that it’s in distress, when it crashes, the reason behind it would remain a mystery. Fortunately, these intensely durable black boxes act as the memory banks of every single flight, ensuring that when they are recovered, they can reveal the secrets of an aircraft’s functions and pilot actions.

What Do The Black Boxes Do?

As mentioned above, every “black box” consists of two things: a Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), but there is another key device that can’t be overlooked – the Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU), which is typically found beneath or within the cockpit. This unit is the intake for all the sensors on the ship; from there, the massive amounts of flight data are sent to the FDR and CVR.

Cockpit interior… a bit more complicated than driving a car (Photo Credit: Alexey Rotanov / Fotolia)

The FDR records all of the plane’s functions and measurements that occur throughout the flight, such as altitude, speed, heading, velocity, and other standard information. Fortunately, as airplane technology has advanced, so too has FDR tech, and these impressive recorders also document experiences of turbulence, wing flap movement, and minute alterations in flight patterns, which makes it possible to construct realistic simulations of a crash.

The top-of-the-line recorders, like those used by Boeing, can document roughly 150,000 different parameters, adding up to multiple terabytes of data on every flight. This wealth of information is invaluable for specialists who investigate aviation crashes, because it helps them determine the root cause of accidents and system failures, advise relevant authorities of their findings, and help keep our skies safe.

The second component, the CVR, also serves a crucial function. Although many aspects of modern aviation are automatically controlled, the actions and decision-making of a pilot are still essential for flight safety. The CVR records all communication and dialogue between the crew and an audio recording of the cockpit. However, this is about more than pilot accountability. Trained investigators are able to listen to the precise audio recordings for alarms, unusual noises, and changes in ambient noise, in addition to the communications and interactions of the crew with one another and with ground control in the moments before a crash.

 

In the panicked moments of a potential disaster, accurate timing and documenting the order of events is not the pilot’s top priority, but the CVR does it for them. Most CVR record audio input from 3-4 microphones strategically placed in the cockpit and pilot helmet, and usually only record the previous 30 minutes of information. In order to save space and avoid replacing black box memory storage after every flight, the recorders begin taping over old data during the course of normal flight.

Together, the CVR and FDR provide a wide range of clues as to what happened in the minutes and seconds before a crash, as well as why, where, and when it occurred. When solving these tragic mysteries, where other clues often sink to the bottom of the ocean floor, clues are priceless!

Speaking of Ocean Floors… How Do Black Boxes Stay Intact?

The point of black boxes is to survive the crash and be recovered, so that investigators can find answers, but that must be pretty hard on the bottom of the sea. Fortunately, black boxes are equipped with an Underwater Locator Beacon, which begins pinging its location once it comes in contact with water. Furthermore, despite the name, black boxes are typically bright orange, making them much easier to spot underwater.

A “Black” Box (Photo Credit: alswart / Fotolia)

However, as most of us know, water pressure can be a real killer, and plane crashes are typically rather violent, so what makes black boxes so indestructible?

The solid-state memory boards used to record the information in these devices have no moving parts, which makes it very difficult to corrupt or compromise the recording, even during an intense impact. Their hefty price tag (usually between $10,000-$15,000) also hint at their complexity and durability. 

Black boxes are built like tiny tanks, with an outer shell of titanium to resist pressure, a second layer of insulation, and an inner shell of heat and fire-resistant material. The boxes are also tested under some truly extreme conditions. Some of the best black boxes on the market can withstand a 2,000-degree fire for more than an hour, water pressures up to 14,000 feet (deeper than the HMS Titanic!), and can operate in temperatures ranging from -70 to 160 degrees Fahrenheit.

These impressive recording devices are built to withstand horrific forces that can tear a fuselage apart, all for the goal of solving mysteries, providing closure, and improving flight safety for current and future generations

source:www.scienceabc.com